Twisted-pair, Cable to optical fiber, waveguide and other transmission media are conductive media, and electromagnetic wave in free space in the long distance propagation is non-conductive media transmission; Attenuation is therefore a complex function of distance and is influenced by the atmosphere around the Earth. The main factors affecting propagation attenuation are: propagation frequency band F, propagation distance L and electromagnetic wave rate C(close to the speed of light). Free space propagation loss of microwave segment signals such as satellites is about 36000 km from the ground. The beam diverges with distance. High-power klystrons can transmit signals up to kilowatts, while satellite transponders can only be powered by solar energy. The satellite's limited surface area makes it difficult to transmit hundreds of watts of downlink power. As a result, the ground station's received signal power is only microwatt level and includes a compensation effect of tens of decibels of the gain of the receiving and transmitting antennas.
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