Elon Musk created the famous space launch company SpaceX and electric car company Tesla, and is known for its forward-thinking plans. However, in recent years, Silicon Valley's R & D of artificial intelligence (AI) has made him feel horrified. In order to influence this rapidly advancing field and its advocates to save mankind from the fate of being destroyed by intelligent robots, Musk took out a billion dollars to monitor the development of artificial intelligence technology and avoid human catastrophe.
Friendly debate
It was only a friendly debate about the fate of human beings. Demis Hassabis, a pioneer in the field of advanced artificial intelligence, talked about AI threats with the end-timer Elon Musk. They are the most representative figures in Silicon Valley, although they do not actually live in Silicon Valley. Hasabis is the co-founder of the mysterious London lab DeepMind. A few years ago, he visited Musk’s new SpaceX rocket plant outside Los Angeles. They chatted in the canteen, and Musk was explaining that his ultimate goal in creating SpaceX was to complete the world's most important project: Interstellar Colonization. Hasabis replied that, in fact, he is also studying the world's most important project: the development of super artificial intelligence. Musk replied that this is one of the reasons he decided to colonize Mars: If the artificial intelligence rebelled and turned against humanity, we had at least one place to stay. Hasabis smiled and asserted that artificial intelligence only needs to follow us to Mars.
The 40-year-old Hasabis is considered to be the "magician" who is most likely to create artificial intelligence children. Research on artificial intelligence is developing at a rapid rate, but there is still a long way from the self-evolving software that Musk fears. Facebook uses artificial intelligence for ad serving, photo tags, and news feeds. Microsoft and Apple used artificial intelligence for their digital assistants Cortana and Siri. Google's search engine has been relying on artificial intelligence from the very beginning. The ultimate goal of all these small advances is to create artificial intelligence that can learn to evolve autonomously.
Hassabi is also an outstanding chess player and game designer. He once developed a game called "Evil Genius". The protagonist is an evil scientist. In order to conquer the world, he created a doomsday device. . Peter Thiel, a billionaire billionaire who founded the payment platform PayPal with Mr. Musk, told me that one of DeepMind’s investors jokingly said after a meeting that he should kill Hassabis on the spot because it may be It is the last chance to save mankind.
Three years ago, Elon Musk began to warn of the possibility of artificial intelligence storming out of control. And Hasabis Shane Legg, a partner at DeepMind, said without hesitation, "I think humans may indeed be extinct, and technology may play a role in it." It's no wonder that Musk is worried .
In 2014, before the acquisition of DeepMind by Google, Musk was an investor in the company. He told me that his participation was not for economic returns but to monitor the development of artificial intelligence: “Let me know the extent of this development, and I feel that they are developing at an unprecedented rate, far exceeding people’s estimates. Mainly because there aren't many robots in real life, maybe your home has a Roomba robot, but no one thinks Roomba will conquer the world."
What is even more surprising is that Musk publicly accused his friends and colleagues in Silicon Valley of warning that what they created could lead to self-destruction. He told Ashlee Vance of Bloomberg News, the biographer of Elon Musk, that his friend, Google co-founder Larry Page, had the highest intention but still It is possible to “do something badâ€, such as creating a group of advanced artificial intelligence robots that can destroy humans.
Musk’s artificial intelligence threat theory was widely known after his 2014 speech at MIT. He claims that artificial intelligence may be the "biggest threat to humans." He himself tends to establish some kind of national or international supervision (a word that Silicon Valley hates most). "To make sure that we don't accidentally do stupid things." In his words, "The study of artificial intelligence is equivalent to summoning the devil. Some AI engineers thought that Musk's argument was ridiculous and ridiculous, treating it as a laughingstock. After returning to the office after each break, they would say, "We are back to summon the devil.
But Musk doesn't feel funny at all. One of his biggest friends in Silicon Valley said, "Eron's jihad for artificial intelligence has only just begun."
Alpha personality
When he mentions what he feels like the protagonist of Ayn Rand (a famous philosopher and novelist, her works stress the concept of individualism, rational egoism, and a completely laissez-faire market economy), Musk laughed and said in English with a slight South African accent. "Someone said the same thing to me. Her views are undoubtedly extreme, but there is no lack of truth."
Of course, if you want to make Musk become the protagonist of his work, Ann Land will make some changes to him. She will turn the color of his eyes gray, giving him a deeper face. She will erase his funny side, forbid him to eat giggling, and will let him abandon the set of arguments about "the benefits of collectivism." She will find a lot of inspiration in the rich personal life of the 45-year-old billionaire, including his two marriages. Musk's first wife was fantasy novelist Justin Musk, who had five sons. Musk's second wife was British actor Talulah Riley. She was once divorced from Musk and then remarried. Last fall, Musk issued a tweet saying that Tallulah was "professional" in the HBO TV drama "Western World" as a dead-sex sex robot. Maintaining a husband-wife relationship with such a super workman as Musk is a challenge for any ordinary woman. "How long does it take for a woman to accompany her every week?" He once asked Ashley Vans, "Maybe 10 hours?"
Musk's best place for Rand is undoubtedly his extraordinary rationality, risk-taking spirit and entrepreneur identity. He often participates in masquerade, prefers to walk on the wing, and enjoys Japanese Steampunk Maniac. Marc Mathieu, Samsung’s US chief marketing officer, said he was “a complex of Steve Jobs and Jules Verne.†Musk’s first wife, Justin, recalls that at their wedding Musk said to her, "I am the Alpha (dominant) in this marriage."
In the genius of Silicon Valley, Musk is a different kind of person. He hung his rocket parts on the wall of the San Francisco luxury house as an art appreciation. He harbors ambitious goals and tries to conquer space. He developed a low-cost rocket and hoped to eventually colonize Mars. In February of this year, he announced that as early as next year, two space tourists will be sent to orbit on the moon and fly around the moon. He is dedicated to researching high-efficiency batteries to bring cheaper solar energy to the world. His Tesla electric car has a beautiful shape and smooth lines, and even a picky Steve Jobs can't pick a problem. He wants to help people save more time and dreams of connecting to Los Angeles and San Francisco with a 700-mph Hyperloop (an electromagnetic bullet train traveling in the pipeline). Last summer, during a visit to U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter, he sent a tweet saying that he was negotiating the design of an iron man Tony Stark's “flying metal coat†at the Pentagon. Last December, on the road to congestion in Los Angeles, he was bored and frustrated. He made a tweet saying he wanted to create a drilling company and dig tunnels underground in the city to free the public from traffic jams. In January of this year, according to the "Bloomberg Business Weekly" report, Musk appointed a SpaceX senior engineer to take charge of the project and has begun excavating the first experimental tunnel.
Of course, big dreamers are also more likely to suffer big setbacks. SpaceX's rocket has exploded more than once. In June last year, a driver died as a result of the sensors of the Tesla automatic car unable to find a large trailer running in the road ahead. (The US Highway Traffic Safety Administration concluded that Trath’s autopilot system is not at fault.)
These setbacks did not cause Musk to shake, but he could not bear the unknown fear. His view resembles Rand's motto of Atlas Shrugged: "Humans have the power to become their own destroyers. Throughout history, human beings have been doing as they like most of the time." He said, "We are the first A self-destructive species."
Driving through the glass towers of a building in Silicon Valley, one feels lingering: These lords in the clouds are keen to talk about making the world a better place, and making people live better through individual algorithms, programs, and inventions. Easy, healthy, happy, long-term. However, under these conditions, there is a kind of creepy consciousness - we are the mice they experimented with. Human beings are treated as old technology. It is best to be eliminated early and let them enjoy a better new life. world. In Silicon Valley, many people have accepted this kind of future prospect: We can live to be 150 years old, but we will all become the subjects of the machine lords. Maybe we are already, just don't know it. Last year, Musk stated at the annual coding conference of Recode (Scientific Analysis and Analysis Website) that we may already be a plaything in a high-level civilized virtual reality game. There are also reports that two Silicon Valley billionaires are developing algorithms that help us to break away from the Matrix-style "matrix."
You may think that the views agreed by Musk, Steve Hawking, and Bill Gates are enough to arouse people's vigilance. However, for a long period of time, the San Francisco Bay Area (another US technology center outside Silicon Valley) has been shrouded in fatal fog. Musk’s “jihad†was seen as a futile move, even as a countermeasure against social progress. The paradox is that many tech tycoons have realized that everything they do for humanity, including those of good faith, is just a streetlight on the way to the future, Steve Wozniak, another of Apple Inc. A founder) predicted that mankind will become the future of "home pets."
However, Musk refused to recognize fate. He plans to use all his strengths to initiate rebellion. So, Musk and Sam Altman founded OpenAI (Open Source Artificial Intelligence). The slogan of this $1 billion non-profit company is "researching safer artificial intelligence." When OpenAI still had only a handful of young engineers, I visited their temporary office—28-year-old co-founder of OpenAI, Greg Brockman, an apartment in the church area of ​​San Francisco. Recently, when I visited the door again, OpenAI has moved into a more spacious office nearby, with 50 full-time employees (recruiting 10 to 30 people in the near future).
Altman wore a gray T-shirt and jeans, pale, thin and serious. Musk was ruddy, with a bit of a shy attitude, completely unlike a fanatic. Depending on the light, his eyes were green or blue, and still left the shadow of a lone, awkward technical teenager. At the age of 17, he alone immigrated to Canada from South Africa.
OpenAI's first impression is like a featherweight vanity project. A group of high IQ teenagers gathered in an apartment without a lift and tried to compete with tech giants such as Google and Facebook and the world’s top artificial intelligence experts. However, Xiao Boda is Musk's specialty, and he is very style and very good at lyricism. Let other people in Silicon Valley pay attention to their IPO prices. Musk has more ambitious goals, such as ending the climate warming or going to Mars for retirement.
Thirty years ago, Musk was still a teenager who had just begun to face growing troubles. He had already helped to conquer the galaxy as a personal mission. Musk said that Douglas Adams' "Guide to the Galaxy Tour" was a turning point in his life. This book tells the story of evil aliens destroying the earth in order to build a space highway. There is Marvin, a paranoid robot, and a supercomputer that can answer all the puzzles of the universe. The inspirational young man Musk set his own life goal: "Striving to improve the collective consciousness of mankind."
OpenAI has been established, but its mission is still vague. It's not surprising that even experts in this field are debating what the ultimate form of artificial intelligence is, what it can do, and how we can constrain it. So far, the public policy related to artificial intelligence has still not been able to find a direction, the related software is almost without any restrictions, and there is no unified regulatory agency. The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States oversees drones, the Securities and Exchange Commission manages automated financial transactions, and the Department of Transportation has just begun to regulate autonomous vehicles.
Musk believes that the best way to do this is to first research the super artificial intelligence and then distribute them in a unified manner, and not let them be hidden in the hands of tech tycoons or government elites—even if these technical elites happen to be his friends. For example, Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Page and Brin thought that he was a good person to punish evil and promote good, but Musk believes that this is not a matter that a few Silicon Valley executives can control with good motives. Then again, "It's good to meet Mingjun, but what if you unfortunately run into a monk?"
Artificial intelligence era
In the so-called artificial intelligence winter (artificial intelligence technology suffered a full commercial failure in the early 1980s), this area was once notorious. Now it has transformed into the latest wave of Silicon Valley. OpenAI's Greg Brockman believes that the next decade will be an era of artificial intelligence. Almost every company is spending huge sums of money to recruit genius in this field. In the past few years, Google has swallowed almost all of the interesting automation and machine learning companies. According to reports, it defeated Facebook for US$650 million, acquired DeepMind, and created a GoogleBrain (Google Brain) team that specializes in artificial intelligence. It also recruited Geoffrey Hinton, a British expert on artificial neural networks, and Ray Kurzweil, a quirky futurologist. Kurzweil predicts that super artificial intelligence evolved in 28 years will surpass humanity intelligently, and human beings will fuse with artificial intelligence to create a “quasi-god†compound creature.
Larry Page and Google believe that artificial intelligence is the inevitable fate of the company. This belief has been integrated into Google's DNA. Since Google can make computers master search technology when the world needs data search capabilities most, the same reason can be broken, it can let the computer master anything. In March of last year, DeepMind's artificial intelligence AlphaGo beat the world champion of Go (reputedly the world's most complex board game). The designer of Alpha Dog, Hasabis, has always said that he is leading the artificial intelligence mission to the moon. He called the victory a "historic moment," and admitted that this moment was so fast that he himself was taken aback. "I always hope that artificial intelligence can help us uncover new ideas in the field of complex science," said Hasabis in an interview in February this year. "This may be the first sign of this kind of creative initiation." Recently, Alpha Dogs are online again. 60 contests were conducted with Go players from China, Japan and South Korea to obtain a 60-to-0 victory record. In January of this year, another shocking news came that artificial intelligence programs have learned bluffing. The artificial intelligence program Libratus, written by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, beat the top humans in the Texas Hold'em game.
Peter Tell once told me that one of his friends said that the only reason people tolerate Silicon Valley is to feel that people there are all poor creatures who lack sex. However, there are reports that Silicon Valley is about to launch a sex robot that can control emotions and pulse like people through applications. Because of years of trouble with sexual harassment and sex discrimination, Silicon Valley has always been shy compared to the frank enthusiasm of Japanese female sex robots. But when I asked Musk about the research in this area, he answered plainly, “I love robots. I think it is very possible.â€
Whether it is for sincere consideration or savvy PR strategy, Hasabis accepted a condition when accepting Google: Google and DeepMind will set up an artificial intelligence ethics committee. That was three years ago. At that time, the establishment of an ethics committee was considered a precocious move and seemed to suggest that Hassabis was about to create real artificial intelligence. It now appears that this decision is quite far-sighted. In June last year, a researcher at DeepMind collaborated with others to publish a paper outlining how to design a "red button" to act as a kill switch to prevent AI from hurting humans.
Google executives claim that Larry Page (now CEO of Google’s parent Alphabet)’s perception of artificial intelligence stems from his disappointment with current “stupid†machine systems, including booking travel or pricing crops . He really believes that artificial intelligence can improve people’s lives. He said that when human needs are easily satisfied, people will “have more time to get along with their families or pursue personal interests.†Especially in their After the work was stolen by the robot.
In Silicon Valley, some people think that Musk’s interest in artificial intelligence is not what he said to save the world, but to promote his brand. He cleverly used a deep-rooted conflict: the conflict between humans and machines. And humans fear that our creations will in turn destroy our fears. They said that Musk’s flag for the battle of justice is to attract talents at discounted prices and to incubate artificial intelligence software for his rockets and auto cars.
Although Ashley vans once said that Musk was like “a sci-fi version of PT Barnum (American politician, businessman, and show master, known for promoting well-planned scams)â€, he thought Musk's concern about artificial intelligence is sincere, although he is not yet clear about what he can do. “His wife, Taralla, told me that they had a late-night conversation about artificial intelligence,†said Vans. “Eron is a very rational person. His every move is like playing chess. After careful consideration. When he deduces every step in his mind, his opponents are not allowed to be good."
Eliezer Yudkowsky, co-founder of the Berkeley Institute of Machine Intelligence in California, agrees: "He is a great Elon Musk. If he wants to play cool, he doesn't need to talk about the artificial. Intelligent threat theory. He just needs to talk about his own Mars colonization plan."
The disagreement between Musk and Page on the potential threat of artificial intelligence "had indeed affected our friendship once," said Musk. "But it's long past. Now we're reconciled."
Perhaps because of age, Musk and 32-year-old founder Mark Zuckerberg did not personally. In recent years, Zuckerberg has surprisingly become a lifestyle guy. He creates a new challenge for himself every year, including tying a tie every day, reading a book every two weeks, learning Chinese, and eating only the animals that he personally killed. Meat. In 2016, artificial intelligence became his new goal.
A Facebook user reminded Zuckerberg not to “inadvertently create Skynet (the super military computer that destroys human creators in the Terminator).†Zuckerberg replied, “I believe we can make artificial Intelligence only works for us and serves us. Some people advocating how dangerous and terrible artificial intelligence is, but in my opinion, this is really worrying, and the actual possibility is far less than the disaster caused by epidemics or wars." He also compared artificial intelligence phobia with the fear of aircraft in the early days when the aircraft was invented. "Don't rush to make rules to limit how it flies before you understand how to fly the plane."
On Christmas Eve, Zuckerberg released his artificial intelligence steward Jarvis. It has a reassuring sound of Morgan Freeman that can help control music playback, light, and even turn on the toaster. I asked Musk what he thinks about Zuckerberg's artificial intelligence stewardship. “It seems to me that adding a bit of automation to the house is no artificial intelligence,†said Musk. “It would not be wise to turn on the lights and adjust the temperature.â€
Fire insurance
Musk and others who pose potential dangers to artificial intelligence are sometimes referred to as “theatrical queens†that are popular with the public. However, he has many companions that cannot be overlooked. The physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview with the BBC that "I think that advanced artificial intelligence may lead to the end of humanity." Bill Gates told Charlie Ross (famous talk show host and reporter) Artificial intelligence may be more dangerous than nuclear disaster. Nick Bostrom, a professor of philosophy at Oxford University, warned in his 2014 book "Super Intelligence" that "if a malicious super smart life exists, it will prevent humans from replacing it or modifying it." It's like it. It will be the moment when human destiny is locked."
In January 2015, Musk, Bostom, and the authority of the artificial intelligence community representing two opposing perspectives gathered in Puerto Rico to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor of physics and the Boston Future Life Institute head Max Tegmark (MaxTegmark) ) Presided over the meeting.
“Do you have a house?†Tengmark asked me. “Have you bought fire insurance? The Puerto Rican meeting agreed that we all need fire insurance. After we learned how to start a fire and cause a fire, we invented a fire extinguisher. After we invented the car and caused traffic accidents, we invented seatbelts, airbags, and traffic lights. But for nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence, we cannot remedy our mistakes. We must plan ahead."
Musk has begun funding research to prevent artificial intelligence disasters. He donated $10 million to the Future Life Institute for such research.
Six months after the Puerto Rican Conference, Musk, Hawking, Hasabis, Steve Wozniak, and Stanford University Computer Science Professor Stuart Russell, who once wrote AI standard textbooks, and 1,000 others Celebrities from all walks of life signed a joint letter calling for a total ban on offensive automated weapons. “In 50 years, the 18 months that we are living in now will be seen as the crucial period for deciding on the future of artificial intelligence,†said Russell. “This is where people in the field of artificial intelligence finally wake up and begin to value and think about how A moment for a better future.†Last September, several of the largest technology companies in the United States created “artificial intelligence cooperation organizations†to explore a range of issues that artificial intelligence may bring, including ethical disputes. (Muske's OpenAI quickly joined it.) At the same time, across the ocean, the European Union has also begun to study the legal issues that may arise with the emergence of robotics and artificial intelligence. For example, whether the robot has "qualification" or should be like a "Financial Times" reader suggested in the comment "should be treated as slaves."
High IQ Rebellion
37-year-old Elieze Yudowski is studying whether it is possible to point the direction of artificial intelligence research. We met at a Japanese restaurant in Berkeley.
"How do you write the target function of artificial intelligence to include a 'shutdown' switch and let it think of having this 'shutdown' switch, not trying to break this 'shutdown' switch and allowing you to press this switch, and not Will he be the first to press this switch?†He asked me, “If it can improve on its own, how can we make sure it doesn’t change this 'off' switch? These are questions we study. It's not easy.â€
I quibbled about the possibility of evil robots taking over the Internet, controlling banks, transportation systems, and the military, as well as copying people's chances of collaborating to kill human creators. Yudikoski pointed his head in his hands and patiently explained to me: "Artificial intelligence does not need to take over the entire Internet. It does not require a drone. Its danger is not in the gun in its hands. Its danger is that it Smarter than we are, if it can break the technology that predicts the structure of a protein based on its DNA information, then it only needs to send a few e-mails to a laboratory that synthesizes custom proteins, and soon it will have its own molecular machine and build more complex Molecular machine."
"If you want to know the scene of artificial intelligence rushing, don't imagine the red-eyed robotic army sweeping the city. Imagine micro-invisible synthetic bacteria made of diamond material. They carry micro-computers on their body, hidden in you and everyone else." In the blood, suddenly, all these bacteria release 1 microgram of botulinum toxin at the same time, and everyone will fall to death instantly."
"Of course, the possibility of this happening is very small. It is impossible for me to predict how the human race will be defeated or even destroyed because artificial intelligence that eliminates humans is smarter than me. If you want to build something smarter than yourself, It's best to find the right direction from the beginning."
I recall the conversation with Musk and Altman. "Don't be misled by the story of the killing robot," said Musk. "The key issue of artificial intelligence is not the robot; it is a computer algorithm in the network. So, the robot is just an end performer, just a series of sensors and actuators. Artificial intelligence exists in the network... The important thing is that if real runaway algorithms do occur, artificial intelligence supervision mechanisms can prevent this runaway algorithm, but if there is a central artificial intelligence with decision making capabilities, there is no way to stop it. Altman added, "An individual who completely controls the Internet has far more influence on the world than an individual who completely controls a complex robot."
Even robots designed to perform extremely ordinary tasks can harm us indifferently. "Suppose you created a self-evolving intelligent robot for picking strawberries," Musk said. "It's picking techniques are more and more skilled, faster and faster, and they are constantly improving. It's only one. The desire is to pick strawberries, so it will try to make the whole world a strawberry land, and all of them are strawberries.†There is no longer any room for human existence.
But can we finally develop a universal "kill" switch? "I'm not sure I want to be the one to master the kill switch, because you will be the first target to kill it." Musk replied . Alman tried to sum up this dreadful and exciting prospect: "We live in an exciting time. In the next few decades, human beings will either go to self-extinction or go to cosmic colonization."
"Indeed," said Musk, "If you believe that humanity and the universe will eventually die, the journey is truly important." Now, on this journey, Musk encountered one of the most pressing problems.
As Trump came to power, Musk discovered that he suddenly became struggling. Regardless of whether he is the king or the monk, his company needs the U.S. government’s business and subsidies. Musk’s company joined many other Silicon Valley companies in a campaign against Trump’s immigration and refugee policies. Musk himself also published a tweet against the repatriation order. But unlike Travis Kalanick of Uber’s chief executive, he did not break open with the current government and remains a member of the Trump strategy and policy forum. "This fits perfectly with Elon's style," Ashley vans said. "No matter what others say, he will insist on doing his own thing." He said that if necessary, Musk can also be a smart "opportunity." Activists".
I asked Musk if he was attacked by Trump. In the photo with Trump, he looked gloomy, and when it comes to this topic, his voice seems to get tired. In the end, he said, "I think it's best for the president to keep the voice of the moderates. There are a lot of people, especially the hard-to-extreme leftist, who insist on isolation. It is tantamount to losing their voice. It is very unwise."
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